This work was supported by CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico). We thank the Sabin Laboratory (Brasília-DF, Brasil) for their technical help with calcium concentration analysis. We also thank Felipe Saldanha-Araújo for technical help with lymphoproliferation assays and Raffael Castro for technical help with flow cytometry assays. Funding Thankfully, many high-quality, reliable CD burners are available for free across the web — you just need to know where to find them. Read on to learn the top 15 free CD burning software and how to burn a CD using our top choice. considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Results Distribution of CD90 cells in human HCC An increasing number of studies have shown that MSCs from different sources display significantly diverse properties and characteristics that may impact on their future therapeutic applications. The capacity of differentiation may vary according to the cell source [ 7, 59, 60]. In agreement with previous reports [ 59, 80– 82], we observed that cells from the dental pulp tissue and aminiotic fluid produced a larger quantity of osteogenic matrix than cells from adipose tissue (Figs. 6 and 7). Despite the expected variance in the differentiation potential among MSCs from different tissues [ 83, 84], we confirm that a reduction in CD90 expression leads to a more efficient osteogenic differentiation, irrespective of the source. As our two recent studies independently demonstrated that CD90 and IRE1 could regulate GBM migration/invasion features, specific functional connections between these two proteins were considered herein. For instance, when tumors developed in mouse brain in our orthotopic mouse model, similar features of tumor infiltration, i.e., small but highly invasive tumors have been observed in CD90 expressing ( Avril et al., 2017a) and IRE1 defective (Dominant Negative, DN; Auf et al., 2010) U87 cells. Due to its RNase activity, one could speculate that a functional regulatory link might exist between IRE1 and CD90 which in turn could therefore impact on GBM CD90-dependent migration. Ongoing studies from our laboratory aim at directly investigating the link between CD90 and IRE1 activity. Preliminary data indicate that ER stress inducers (such as tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and dithiothreitol) decrease the expression of cell surface CD90 in GBM cells. Intriguingly, transient expression of IRE1 defective form (DN) in U251 cells also decreased membrane CD90 expression, underlining a complex regulatory mechanism occurring between ER stress sensors (including IRE1) and CD90. Importantly, applying our recent classification of GBM patients according to IRE1 gene signature on the GBM TCGA cohort, we observed that tumors with high IRE1 activity expressed higher levels CD90 mRNA than tumors exhibiting low IRE1 activity. Importantly, this could be applied to others cancer types including renal and pancreas ( Figure 3B). Furthermore, a CD90 associated gene signature described in Avril et al. (2017a) was also associated with IRE1 activity. Overall, these observations highlight the potential effect of IRE activity on CD90 expression and its potential role in functions linked to tumor migration/invasion. Interestingly, IRE1 has already been associated with molecules involved in cell migration, i.e., by controlling SPARC expression ( Dejeans et al., 2012) and interacting directly with filamin A ( Urra et al., 2018). Further functional and molecular studies are needed to better understand the connections between CD90 and IRE1 in cancer development, and in particular migration and invasion ( Figure 3C). Conclusion

Davies OG, Cooper PR, Shelton RM, Smith a J, Scheven BA. A comparison of the in vitro mineralisation and dentinogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow and dental pulp. J Bone Miner Metab. 2014;371–82. Wetzel A, Chavakis T, Preissner KT, Sticherling M, Haustein UF, Anderegg U, Saalbach A (2004). "Human Thy-1 (CD90) on activated endothelial cells is a counterreceptor for the leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)". J. Immunol. 172 (6): 3850–9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3850. PMID 15004192. True Burner is a completely free CD burning software for anyone who needs to erase rewritable media. It can erase CD-RW, DVD-RW, DD+RW, and BD-RE. It can also create MP3, BDMV, and AVCHD discs, and burns bootable CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray, and ISO images. Nakamura Y, Muguruma Y, Yahata T, Miyatake H, Sakai D, Mochida J, Hotta T, Ando K (2006). "Expression of CD90 on keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells". Br. J. Dermatol. 154 (6): 1062–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07209.x. PMID 16704635. S2CID 28647667.

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The present study shows that a reduction in CD90 expression enhances the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro and, unexpectedly, causes a decrease in CD44 and CD166 expression. Conclusion During tumor invasion/migration, dramatic changes occur in cells present within the compact tumor core to become single migrating cells, these transformations are described as the EMT throughout which, cells lose their cell-cell junctions, change their morphology and modify their functions leading to cell trans/de-differentiation ( Friedl and Wolf, 2003; Thiery et al., 2009). Tumor development and aggressiveness including invasion and EMT were recently linked to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress signaling ( Dejeans et al., 2015; Urra et al., 2016), a topic that we will further document in the next sections. Since both the signaling response triggered to cope with ER stress [also named Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)] and CD90 expression promote tumor migration, we hypothesize that CD90 and the UPR could be somehow functionally linked to control tumor cell invasive. An Overview on UPR and Its Sensors Swart GW, Lunter PC, van Kilsdonk JW, van Kempen LC. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166): signaling at the divide of melanoma cell clustering and cell migration. Cancer Metastasis. 2005;24:223–36. doi: 10.1007/s10555-005-1573-0. Lung HL, Bangarusamy DK, Xie D, Kwok A, Cheung L, Cheng Y, et al. THY1 is a candidate tumour suppressor gene with decreased expression in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene. 2005;24:6525–32. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208812. To evaluate the differentiation potential of MSCs, cells were subjected to in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation according to the established protocols [ 1]. Transduced and non-transduced MSCs at passage 4 (passage 2 after transduction) were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 5 × 10 4 cells/well. When a confluence of 80 % was achieved, the regular medium was replaced with an induction medium, which was refreshed every 72 h for 21 days. Cells cultured in regular medium were used as controls. Osteogenic differentiationAlge DL, Zhou D, Adams LL, Wiss BK, Shadday MD, Woods EJ, et al. Donor-matched comparison of dental pulp stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2010;4:73–81. DAM, TTS, LFP, JRS, RBA, and DMO contributed to the study design. DAM, TTS, LFP, OAT, PQA, AP-T, LMC, RSB, and DMO contributed substantially to data collection, study execution, and data analysis and interpretation. DAM wrote the first draft of the manuscript; and PQA, RSB, OAT, TTS, LFP, LCM, AP-T, JRS, RBA, and DMO contributed to the preparation of the manuscript and editing. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Competing interests Dales S, Fujinami RS, Oldstone MB (September 1983). "Serologic relatedness between Thy-1.2 and actin revealed by monoclonal antibody". J. Immunol. 131 (3): 1332–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.131.3.1332. PMID 6136544. S2CID 27990060.